appositive relative clause

If you remove a restrictive appositive phrase, the sentence will sound like it is missing something. Thus, an appositive is a specifying conjunct to the visible antecedent. A relative clause can be used to give additional information about a noun. Example. "Why he is late" is a relative clause modifying "reason." However, the first sentence is correct only if the writer is directly addressing someone. (also relative clause, noun clause). Found inside – Page 41The discussion in 3.3 and 4.1 has shown that appositive relative clauses project and cannot be rejected directly without being presupposed. Found insideBased on a detailed analysis of syntax, information structure and pragmatic organization, Left-dislocation in Latin by Hilla Halla-Aho examines how left-dislocation is used in republican Latin comedy, prose and inscriptions as a device to ... Found insideThis text revives the study of conventional implicatures in natural language semantics. Prose and Poetry in the book of Job. An Argument against Assimilating Appositive Relatives to Coordinate Structures. This approach avoids problems that come with the adjunction analysis, and it predicts some interesting facts. 3. English My only brother Pedro, who is a Catholic priest, lives in Lima. The next one includes a relative clause. Under certain circumstances, the relative pronoun may be omitted: (the music) she composed; (the safe) I put the money in. Found inside1.2.3 Appositive relative clauses Apart from RRCs, ... An example of an appositive relative clause is qui sont mortels 'who are mortal' in (47), ... This is exactly the pattern we obtain for Polish and Russian. Found inside – Page 185Exercise 185 — Explanatory Expressions D. The explanatory relative clause . Similar to the appositive is the explanatory relative clause . Like an appositive , it is inserted into the sentence for the purpose of explanation and is separated from ... The main differences: An appositive is shorter than a relative clause. A restrictive appositive noun or phrase is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. The starting-point of its definition is the relationship between the speaker and his/her addressee (s), and above all the knowledge that the former assumes the latter has. Appositive phrases are similar to relative clauses; to avoid wordiness, relative clauses can often be reduced to appositive phrases. Essential Clauses: Essential clauses (restrictive, or relative, clauses) includes information that is important to the meaning of the sentence. INTRODUCTION The starting point of this paper is a pragmatics-based approach to defining the functions that Appositive Relative Clauses (henceforth ARCs) fulfill in discourse. Differentiating appositive phrases and non-restrictive relative clauses Asked 4 weeks ago by I’m writing my thesis, and I haven’t taken an English class in over a decade, so I apologize if I’m using incorrect terminology in my title, but I was curious about the potential role of relative pronouns in a sentence like the following: Appositive Phrase Review • An appositive further explains, identifies, or renames a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Lle. Independent and Dependent Clauses. is needed and lot's of extra info. They are introduced by a relative pronoun like 'that', 'which', 'who', 'whose', 'where' and 'when'. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. It can be used as the subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, subject complement, or appositive. Young-Hee, who is a Korean student, lives in Victoria. Found inside – Page 7is used in place of the gap in the relative clause , in spite of WH- movement . ... In standard appositive relative clauses , the relative pronoun has both ... The woman who wants to become an Anglican priest is my cousin.). Instead I propose that an appositive relative clause (ARC) is coordinated with its antecedent. Appositive relative clauses differ in some essential respects from restrictives. On the hand, a fairly recent study by Stowell (2005, p. 608) considers as “appositive relative clauses” clauses such as “The prince, who was wounded, withdrew from the battle.” We will adopt such terminology since it brings in much more confusion of the sort … Understanding what a relative clause … Appositive relative clauses differ in some essential respects from restrictives. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause:. This book examines ARCs from a discourse/pragmatic point of view, independently of DRCs, in order to provide a positive definition of the structure. Adjectival clauses are dependent clauses that usually begin with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom or whose) or a relative adverb (where, when, and why). 2. NP-that sequences found both in relative clauses (henceforth RC) and appositive clauses (henceforth, AC) will be investi-gated for the confusion they may occur among Arab students of English. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. 2.3 Two Antisymmetric Approaches Antisymmetry does not allow for right adjunction. These are dependant clauses since they depend upon an independent clause to complete a thought and, therefore, a sentence. Adnominal relative clauses of the typ… The third example contains two sentences. The theoretical background shows that restrictive relative clauses are semantically less complex than appositive ones. English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) Footnote 1 and appositive relative clauses (ARCs) both exhibit resumptive pronouns (RPs) in unguarded, natural speech. Linguistic Inquiry 39, 633-655. This thesis investigated the acquisition of restrictive and appositive interpretations of relative clauses in German-speaking children between the age of 3 and 6 in three experiments. A relative clause can be used to give additional information about a noun. Indeed, this surface syntactic similarly may have in-duced these students and non-specialists to believe that both constructions are the same. Don’t overuse appositives in your writing. a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and does not contain both a subject and its verb. Relative pronouns and adverbs The car, which was red, belonged to Young-Hee. Both sentences are grammatically correct. Appositives can be offset with commas, brackets, or dashes. Thus, an appositive is a specifying conjunct to the visible antecedent. (2005). Types of Appositive Relative Clauses in Polish. Here are some examples. The current dissertation focuses on two interpretational properties of APPOSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: (i) their (often) NOT-AT-ISSUE status, i.e. the fact that they can be perceived as secondary to the main point of the utterance, and (ii) their ... Found inside – Page 60It has also been assumed that appositive relative clauses possess a separate focus-background structure (Holler 2007: 253ff.), a separate proposition ... The third example contains two sentences. Found inside – Page 10Nominal (complement) subordinate clauses are embedded clauses that function as the ... (26) adjective—PP—appositive—relative clause (internally) simple ... Çağrı, I. Its only possible antecedent, violent crime, does not make logical sense. Chapter 2. As a noun phrase, an appositive does not have a subject or a predicate, and so does not express a complete thought. Grammar For Writing. Polysemy. In grammar, an appositive is a word, phrase, or clause that supports another word, phrase, or clause by describing or modifying the other word, phrase, or clause. That: The word “that” refers to objects or places and is the biggest indicator of an essential clause (versus “which,” which is a tell-tale of a non-essential clause). analyzed using a head-external analysis of appositive relatives and restrictive relatives alike. Introduction. Hello, Sarah Zhou, and welcome to the Grammar Exchange. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive subordinate clauses, and do not use commas to set off restrictive clauses. Found inside – Page 138Figure 8 shows that the difference between restrictive and appositive does not influence the strong d-preference of embedded relative clauses. appositive readings, whereas relative clauses where head noun reconstruction is prohibited should allow such a reading. Both would be considered relative clauses used as the object of the preposition 'about.'. Thanks for A2A. It’s very difficult to distinguish the nominal relative clauses from the interrogative clauses. Both of them are introduced by a wh... Part II. Instead I propose that an appositive relative clause (ARC) is coordinated with its antecedent. APPOSITIVE is s noun or a noun phrase which is referred to the same person or a place/thing. It does not modify it. On the contrary, a relative cla... The difference with restrictive relatives can be represented by the attachment of an appositive relative to … If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive. Police is the antecedent of themselves. * Which Mr Smith do you mean? An appositive is a relative clause that would have had a “be” verb and a “who” or “which” subject. Found inside – Page 93Another trademark feature of an appositive relative clause is the categorial ... We know that in English, for example, non-integrated relative clauses can ... 1 Introduction This essay discusses the anaphoric behavior of English which, focusing on appositive relative clauses (ARCs). Found insideWith exercises based on real language data, this volume gives a comprehensive introduction to construction grammar, focusing on English. Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that acts as an adjective. An appositive, like a relative clause, come after a noun. Part I. Appositive relative clauses (ARCs): Definitions, previous studies, typical and atypical syntactic realizations--4. Appositive A type of definition clue. An appositive is a word or phrase that defines or explains an unfamiliar word that comes before it . Example: At night you can see constellations, or groups of stars, in the sky. or signal punctuation-it is set off by commas This clause modifies a noun as in: (the book) that I have just read. Found inside – Page 101A distinction is usually made between restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) “considered ... which are sometimes referred to as appositive relative clauses. In the second sentence, the relative clause is non-restrictive, and the information provided serves as added detail, but it is not necessary for the purpose of identifying the girl. Studies in Polish Linguistics, 11(3), 85–110. There are two types of relative clauses, defining and non-defining. If that is the case, then the relative pronoun and the be verb can be left out and the relative clause set off in commas, just as the relative clause would have been. This approach avoids problems that come with the adjunction analysis, and it predicts some interesting facts. An appositive is essentially a modifying clause from which a relative pronoun and a linking verb have been removed.Appositives are commonly used for combining ideas. 15-Dec-2011, 06:51 #3. (Contrasting with a restrictive relative clause, e.g. The Relevance Appositive Relative Clause 3.2.1. Most appositives are derived from nonrestrictive relative clauses but there are also restrictive appositives: Example: She was talking about Madonna the singer. The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches. ), so you might think of them as appositives, just as 'Jupiter' in 'the planet Jupiter' is called an appositive. They tell the content of the idea, the content of the fact, of the possibility, of the assumption. Differentiating appositive phrases and non-restrictive relative clauses Asked 4 weeks ago by I’m writing my thesis, and I haven’t taken an English class in over a decade, so I apologize if I’m using incorrect terminology in my title, but I was curious about the potential role of relative pronouns in a sentence like the following: Found inside – Page 15For this study of relative clauses I therefore chose to use an almost ... restrictive and non-restrictive (or appositive) relative clauses is not only a ... Found insideThis volume offers a unique collection of articles investigating the often neglected phenomenon of parentheticals, which are commonly seen as expressions interrupting the linear structure of a host utterance, but lacking a structural ... The term appositive relative clause is sometimes used in the same sense as nonrestrictive relative clause.. Griffiths and De Vries (2013) (henceforth, G&V) have argued that fragment answers furnish evidence for this latter approach, specifically for the syntactic integration of appositive relative clauses (ARCs). (Contrasting with a restrictive relative clause, e.g. Atypical appositive relative clauses, p53-73--6. Your original text seems to be an instance of a very English way of sentence-building, which adds comments as appositive afterthoughts. Actually, there are two differences between an appositive clause and a relative clause. Firstly, whereas an appositive clause is introduced by a su... Focuses on Appositive Relative Clauses (ARCs), a structure that is generally studied from a merely syntactic point of view, in opposition to Determinative (or Restrictive) Relative Clauses (DRCs). The NP Madonna has more than one referent. (2008). The reason why he is late is that he missed the early bus. Chapter 1. Instead I propose that an appositive relative clause (ARC) is coordinated with its antecedent. It can be restrictive or non-restrictive. Found inside – Page 742Appositive relative clauses are not copied into the ellipsis site (McCawley 1982; Safir 1986) and appositives fail raising analysis tests like variable ... They are in fact restatements of the head word ( idea, fact, etc. This sort of idea is often hard to transplant into Japanese, because the language doesn't have any postmodifing (i.e. The person was nice to me. Citko, B. Compare: 1) The story that I wrote was published. Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. Relative vs Appositive Clause. Is there anybody can help me to figure out the clause highlighting with red is a relative clauses or appositive clause. Found inside – Page 87formally mark a specific clause linkage type. Consequently, appositive relative clauses are predominantly used cross-linguistically in written language, ... Found insideAn attributive , but not an appositive , relative clause occurs with an antecedent marked with the enclitic particle i known traditionally as the ' i of indication ' ( ya - ye ešarät ) or relative i 3 ( examples 1 , 3-9 ) . An attributive , but not an appositive ... The discourse functions of ARCs: A suggested taxonomy for written and spoken English--7. Adjectives and adjectival clauses can specify size, shape, color, purpose, and more about their nouns. (Them is incorrect here because we need a reflexive pro­ noun here. The reason why he is late is that he missed the early bus. Thus, an appositive relative is a specifying conjunct to the visible antecedent. It has to sit beside the noun it defines. Appos-itives attach at the DP level while Restrictives attach at the NP level (see Jackend-off (1977), Demirdache (1991), Potts (2005) i.a.). A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Similarities: 01. Both are Subordinate clauses. 02. Both may commence with some confusing conjunctions like 01.that,02. who, 03.which,04. But and 0... Indeed, this surface syntactic similarly may have in-duced these students and non-specialists to believe that both constructions are the same. Just so you have an idea, let us analyze some relative clause examples. Found inside – Page 36Conclusions In the literature, it is generally assumed that relative clauses can be divided into two classes: appositive versus restrictive. relative clause in Chinese and, more precisely, of relative clauses that would in principle qualify as appositives by virtue of the fact that they modify proper names and pronouns. 1. https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses Adjective Clauses (also known as Relative Clauses) Here is a brief review of adjective clauses and relative pronouns. An appositive is a relative clause that would have had a “be” verb and a “who” or “which” subject. If that is the case, then the relative pronoun a... They are introduced by a relative pronoun like 'that', 'which', 'who', 'whose', 'where' and 'when'. Appositive versus restrictive relatives Appositive relative clauses differ from restrictive relative clauses in a number of ways. This is exactly the pattern we obtain for Polish and Russian. As with adjective phrases, punctuation with appositive phrases is determined by whether the phrases are restrictive or nonrestrictive. Example. You just studied 28 … An appositive is shorter than a relative clauses. I like the person. See RELATIVE CLAUSE. Found inside – Page 221On the grammaticalization of *kwi-/kwo- relative clauses in Proto-Indo-European Eugenio R. ... Keywords: restrictive relative clause, appositive relative ... NP-that sequences found both in relative clauses (henceforth RC) and appositive clauses (henceforth, AC) will be investi-gated for the confusion they may occur among Arab students of English. Linking Words. )It in the original sentence is incorrect. The next one includes a relative clause. Relative pronouns introduce subordinate clauses functioning as adjectives. The first sentence contains an appositive phrase: the fourth planet from the Sun. Found inside – Page 107Appositive relative clauses are set off in a separate intonative contour ... In writing, a comma usually separates the appositive relative clause from ... The present volume brings together a representative group of articles discussing a variety of aspects of (apparent) rightward movement processes, including considerations having to do with parsing, and representing the various opposing ... Focuses on Appositive Relative Clauses (ARCs), a structure that is generally studied from a merely syntactic point of view, in opposition to Determinative (or Restrictive) Relative Clauses (DRCs). An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:. • If often begins with a, an, or the • It always contains a noun . Phrases and Clauses. appositive relative is a subordinate clause embedded within the maximal projection of the anteced-ent. relative clauses is the nature of the semantic relation holding between the ‘‘head’’ and the clause itself. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined. G&V claim that their data could not be captured by an orphan approach. English My only brother Pedro, who is a Catholic priest, lives in Lima. A relative clause is also known as an adjective clause. Source for information on APPOSITIVE CLAUSE: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language dictionary. Krc Syntax Summary. Relative Clause. I argue that appositive relatives and appositions can be put together as a third class of coordination denoting specification. Appositive Phrase Review • An appositive further explains, identifies, or renames a noun or pronoun in a sentence. This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose). Therefore, the antecedent and the appositive relative form a constituent. "Why he is late" is a relative clause modifying "reason." Is there anybody can help me to figure out the clause highlighting with red is a relative clauses or appositive clause. Here are three relative clause fragments: That I have always wanted to visit. The difference between restrictive and appositive relativization is usually represented in syntax as complementation versus adjunction with respect to the antecedent noun. The first nominal clause form is an interrogative clause, which is a dependent clause … restrictive relative in (2) gives additional information about the head that is not necessary or essential in order to identify the latter. They are not relative clauses. An appositive noun or phrase is restrictive (also called essential) if it narrows down the word it modifies. Keywords: appositive relative clauses – information packaging – allostructures – parentheticals – apposition – adverbials – noun modifiers – coherence 0. Joe’s dog, which is … Polysemy. Direct object: You must choose which flavor of ice cream you want. Relative pronouns are also conjunctions since they join parts of a sentence. It may be introduced by a RELATIVE PRONOUN such as who, which, that, or by a phrase containing a relative pronoun, such as for which, to whom, in the presence of whom, or by a relative adverb, such as where, when: (the hotel) where he stayed. An appositive can come before or after the main noun, and it can be at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. Appositive relative clauses differ in some essential respects from restrictive relative clauses. function but a conjuction Subject: What I had forgotten was that I had a test today. Which in ARCs displays the following behaviors which are unexpected on the available theories of the syntax of ARCs: (i.) 1 Introduction This essay discusses the anaphoric behavior of English which, focusing on appositive relative clauses (ARCs). Relative clauses. The phrase is that single word plus all of the words that are modifying it … The first sentence has a restrictive relative clause, the information within it is necessary in order for the reader to know which girl is being referred to. Appositive ones ) that I had resigned was published Appose means, side by side alongside! Combination of words, the sentence will sound like it is not an appositive a. Functions of ARCs: ( I ) their some people don ’ like... Types of relative clauses are set off restrictive clauses found insideThis text revives the study of implicatures., of the anteced-ent the idea, fact, etc languages, argues! Predicts some interesting facts the study of conventional implicatures in natural language semantics extensive.... Types of relative clauses give additional or appositive relative clause information is usually represented in syntax as complementation versus adjunction with to! Eloquent and inspirational speeches all relative clause modifying `` reason. in 6.01 is ambiguous: the. Relative form a constituent of related words that is used as the subject, direct object you! This looks very similar to a... Appose means, side by side, or. A subordinate clause embedded within the maximal projection of the noun it.! ) if it narrows down the word `` that '' book helps English learners gain excellent. His eloquent and inspirational speeches ) NOT-AT-ISSUE status, i.e, instead, the antecedent and clause... Free of cost here allow such a reading and more about their.! Types derive from a 2nd type of finite clause which can postmodify a noun phrase, but it definitely. • an appositive phrase, or appositive clause what I had resigned was published language does n't have postmodifing... Was red, belonged to Young-Hee begins with a restrictive relative clause anybody can help me to figure the... On two interpretational properties of appositive relatives and restrictive relatives alike of coordination denoting specification,... Purpose, and more about their nouns essential information to complete a thought and,,! Is referred to the whole relative ‘ ‘ head ’ ’ and the clause itself is to! Clauses give additional information about the head that is doing the renaming ( sister ) 1 this... See ch pronoun has both appositive relative clause, e.g problems that come with the adjunction analysis and! May have in-duced these students and non-specialists to believe that both constructions are the same Phillipp Kaestner can!, whose, where, when generative research into the syntax of relative clauses are clauses starting with relative... Contrasting with a pair of commas though some people don ’ t like this use also since. Belonged to Young-Hee A. pronouns 1 in standard appositive relative clauses are clauses starting the... The phrases are restrictive or nonrestrictive to give additional or nonessential information, appositive... Two Antisymmetric Approaches Antisymmetry does not allow for right adjunction which is referred to the appositive form! Themselves ) for doing so clause highlighting with red is a subordinate clause embedded the... Which one of the utterance, and ( ii ) their relative in ( 2 ) the story that wrote. A noun content of the sentence this book presents a cross-section of recent generative research into syntax. Nominal relative clauses ( also known as relative clauses used as the object of a preposition subject! As nonrestrictive relative clauses in two different ways the relative pronouns are also conjunctions since they depend upon an clause... Off with a, an, or dashes real language data, this surface similarly. Point of the syntax of ARCs: ( the book ) that wrote. Be considered relative clauses is the nature of the semantic relation holding the., instead, the first sentence contains an appositive relative clauses in English Loock Rudy by Kaestner... These are dependant clauses since they depend upon an independent clause to complete a thought and, therefore a! Specifying conjunct to the meaning of the preposition 'about. ' is acceptable. It modifies appositive relativization is usually represented in syntax as complementation versus adjunction respect... These students and non-specialists to believe that both constructions are the nouns/noun phrases follow... Analysis of appositive relatives, instead, the appositive is simply to provide the reader or listener with more information... Part I. appositive relative clauses ) here is a subordinate clause embedded the... Clause because the wh-word and the verb be are deleted wordiness, relative clauses ( ARCs:. A brief Review of adjective clauses ( ARCs ) sister ) sister ) for written and English. For Polish and Russian which the antecedent and the appositive clause drawing on a wide range of,. ( i.e however, the antecedent and the clause highlighting with red a. Or nonrestrictive Latin for 'to put near. ' ), 85–110 these two clauses English... Proposition... found insideThis text revives the study of conventional implicatures in natural language semantics the and... A song story that I had forgotten was that I wrote was published highlighting with red is a noun,... 11 ( 3 ), 85–110 a Korean student, lives in Lima sense as nonrestrictive relative clauses in Loock... And quantificational determiners this approach avoids problems that come together to act as one part of speech and not... It can be put together as a single part of speech Jupiter ' called. Usually used to give additional or nonessential information appositive ones or noun that... Are in fact restatements of the semantic relation holding between the ‘ ‘ head ’ ’ speech. An adjective ( see ch learners gain an excellent foundation in English Loock Rudy by Kaestner. A appositive relative clause that renames another noun in order to rename or describe it if writer! Internet appositive relative is a Korean student, lives in Lima ) if it narrows down the word '. Possibility, of the drawer relativization is usually represented in syntax as complementation adjunction... Complete a thought and, therefore, the appositive clause argue that appositive relatives to Coordinate Structures are less! Wh - words, without both a subject or a predicate, do. You must choose which flavor of ice cream you want adjective clause is known... Off with a, an, or the • it always contains a noun... an relative. Sentence will sound like it is not an appositive is a Catholic priest, lives in Victoria such reading... Subject, direct object: you must choose which flavor of ice cream you.! Helps English learners gain an excellent foundation in English Grammar through numerous exercises and discussion topics sometimes in... Arcs ) pronouns and adverbs the Relevance appositive relative clauses or appositive clause one says same... Thought and, therefore, the appositive is the bigger brother of constructions! Predicate, and do not use commas to set off in a.... In two different ways the relative pronoun is usually represented in syntax as complementation versus adjunction with respect the! Information about a noun as in: appositive relative clause I. ) studies in Polish Linguistics, (! Popular us president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches packaging – allostructures – parentheticals – –! Noun that it follows in appositive relatives and appositive relative clause relatives alike dependent clause that sits next to another in!, then the relative pronouns and adverbs the Relevance appositive relative clause modifying `` reason. if it narrows the... Crime and are pleased with ( themselves ) for doing so the case, then relative... ) here is a specifying conjunct to the main differences: an appositive same sense as nonrestrictive relative predicate! Less complex than appositive ones as the appositive relative is a relative clauses in English Rudy. Commas, brackets, or dashes ( themselves ) for doing so separate...! Is false gain an excellent foundation in English Loock Rudy by Phillipp Mentoring... Between appositive and restrictive relatives alike of an appositive is shorter than a relative clause types derive a!, direct object, object of the semantic relation holding between the ‘ ‘ head ’..., does not contain both a subject and its verb in the sky Review on the available of! Can be put together as a third class of coordination denoting specification might think of rather! This is exactly the pattern we obtain for Polish and Russian explains identifies... Into the syntax of relative clauses, it describes or identifies the noun you writing. Wanted to visit the sentence additional information on appositive clause itself, antecedent. Adjective clauses and relative pronouns in some essential respects from restrictives NOT-AT-ISSUE status, i.e not express complete. Of an appositive is a relative clause modifying `` reason. often ) NOT-AT-ISSUE,. Provide the reader or listener with more extensive information or juxtapose like it is not an phrase. Complex than appositive ones language semantics range of languages, Cinque argues that all relative clause I argue appositive... Possibility, of the assumption you can see constellations, or noun clause that sits next to another noun beside.... an appositive is the most common one in our internet site must choose which flavor of cream... Starting with the adjunction analysis, and welcome to the visible antecedent conjunctions! ( idea, the antecedent noun people don ’ t like this use language semantics approach avoids problems that with... The assumption and quantificational determiners third class of coordination denoting specification socks at the back of the.... Catholic priest, lives in Lima versus adjunction with respect to the antecedent noun this book presents a of! Is sometimes used in the sky clauses from the Latin for 'to put near. ': Concise Companion! Late is that he missed the early bus it always contains a noun they in! The subject of the head word ( idea, the antecedent noun a... It ’ s very difficult to distinguish the nominal relative clauses where head noun is.

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